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Spécial -Souveraineté Alimentaire N°1 -Plutôt que le protectionnisme, la souveraineté alimentaire
About this event: 3 ème Edition Université d’été de PEACE / Saint-Louis

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Special - Food Sovereignty N°1 - Rather than protectionism, food sovereignty
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
Rather than protectionism, food sovereignty

In the world, the number of malnutris chronic passed from 826 to 852 million between 1995-1997 and 2000-2002. For the three quarters D? between them, it S? acts the rural ones, primarily of the farmers. They are 204 million in sub-Saharan Africa, where L? life expectancy has moved back for twenty years. Do the farmers constitute two thirds of the credits there? that is to say 110 million more qu? in 1969-1971? , and the malnutris represent a third of the population. Under pretext that the share of L? Did sub-Saharan Africa in total trade pass from 2% to 1,6% between 1990 and 2004, one reads here and there qu? it would not be sufficiently inserted in the world market… C? is an enormous untruth: the share of the exchanges in the interior product gross (GDP) there was, in 2003, of 52,7%, against 41,5% on average world, 19% in the United States, 19,9% in Japan and 16% in the zone euro (except exchanges intern) (1). D? where a conclusion which N? is never publicly drawn: if L? one puts aside the 70% emergent countries D? Eastern Asia (China at the head), the richness of the nations is inversely proportional to their insertion in the world trade!

The percentage of the malnutris in the developing countries (the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES) is proportional to the share of the agricultural produce in their total exports (2). Except tropical products, the food deficit (difference between production and consumption) strongly increased. Thus, of 1995 to 2003, agroalimentary exports of L? Africa of L? West grew of 50% (from 4 to 6,1 billion dollars), but the deficit of its food exchanges increased more: 55% (passing from 2,9 to 4,3 billion dollars).

L? objective of the ministerial conference of L? Should world organization of trade (OMC) with Hongkong be the fixing of rules of the trade durable, take into account L? increase of 3 billion the total number D? human between 2000 and 2050, including 1 billion in sub-Saharan Africa. And that in the context of the climatic reheating, for which Brazilian researchers do estimate that, if the planetary temperature would go up of 5,8 degrees, the potential grounds of Brazil for soya, the corn, rain rice, the bean and the coffee would decrease by half, and D? a third if the rise were only 3 degrees (3). Should that moderate the fever agro-exporter D? a country where, to produce and sell with L? outside always more soya and of beef and veal, the accelerated deforestation of L? Does Amazonia strongly contribute to L? effect of greenhouse.

Vis-a-vis such stakes, which answer? The frenzy of all the States to make cycle of trade negociations said “of Doha” (4) (or “development”) that of L? “access to the market” in all the fields! Multilateral strategy, like bilateral, of both superpuissances commercial that are L? European union and the United States is limpid: since L? does agriculture “weigh” less than 2% of their GDP, against approximately 75% for the services and the balance for the industrial products (of which agroalimentary products), requirements of growth and D? employment must result in exporting always more services and industrial products, even if it means to import more foodstuffs. Successive reforms of the common agricultural policy (CAP) European since 1992, of the law on L? agriculture (Farm Bill) in the United States since 1996, as well as L? Agreement on L? agriculture (AsA) of L? OMC, put in? uvre since 1995, continued this only and single objective, which remains that of the cycle of Doha.

So that the farmers accept these reforms politically, it was necessary to compensate for the fall of the farm prices by subsidies recognized by L? AsA like having little D? “effects of distortion of the exchanges”? in the jargon of L? Are OMC, they classified in the “blue box”? or N? while having at all? and they are then classified in the “green box” (see “Glossary”). What means that these assistances must be partially (blue box) or completely (green box) “uncoupled” from or the production price level of L? current year. The speech on the benefits which would result from it for L? environment, landscapes, the quality of the products and animal wellbeing N? is qu? an alibi with L? use of the taxpayers.

L? European union sought “to sell” these reforms with the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES in two manners. Initially, it accepted D? in the long term to eliminate the “restitutions”, name given to its subsidies with L? export, which actually dropped, of 9,5 billion D? ecus in 1992 to 3,4 billion D? euros in 2002. But, like the United States, it refuses to notify to L? OMC direct assistances of the boxes blue and green which also profit, but in an indirect way, with the exported products. C? is the case, for example, those going to cereals and, consequently, the meats of the animals having consumed them. In the second place, L? Did union propose, on October 28, 2005, to reduce by 70% L? together of its coupled internal supports, and to decrease by 46% on average its customs duties, out “sensitive products”. Obviously, n the other hand, it awaits the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES qu? they quote equivalent in L? access to their markets of the services and the nonagricultural products. The proposals of the United States to reduce by 53% their coupled internal supports (5), and by 55% to 90% the customs duties, go in the same direction.

Since the ministerial conference of L? Did OMC of Cancún (September 2003), the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES put an end to L? hegemony of Quadrilateral (the United States, European Union, Japan, Canada) on L? OMC. After the constitution of the regroupings of named countries G20, G33 and G90 (see “Glossary”), Brazil and L? India replaced Japan and Canada in G4 ensuring the control of the negotiations. With the risk to betray the majority of the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES and to continue to marginalize the poorest countries of G90.

Are the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES less and less easily deceived “play of the boxes” to which L were delivered? Union and the United States since 1992, by transferring a percentage growing their supports from the orange box (“coupled” supports, therefore ineluctably to reduce) to the blue box, then with the green box? in which the reform of the CAP of June 2003 and D? April 2004 made it possible to place 90% of the internal subsidies! Actually, since 1995, Washington and Brussels cheat massively in the notification of their internal supports and with L? export, and in the conformity of the CAP and Farm Bill with the rules of L? AsA.

L? article 6.2 of L? Does AsA stipulate that, for the developed countries, the subsidies with the inputs (C? be-with-statement with the intermediate consumptions, in particular of raw materials) “are coupled”. Like 60% of the production of cereals, oilseeds and protéagineux (COP) of L? Are European union and of the United States inputs of the livestock productions, it S? what follows 60% of the direct assistances with the COP (9 billion D? euros per annum) “are coupled”. L? Union however notified out of blue box, and the United States notified their direct payments out of green box. In three recent judgements, L? Body of settlement of disputes (ORD) of L? Did OMC finally admit qu? L had to be considered? together subsidies profiting with the exported products? including those of the green box? like contributing to the dumping.
Do iniquitous agreements

Vis-a-vis Brussels and in Washington, G20, G33 and G90 have D in common? to require developed countries L? elimination of the restitutions, a strong reduction of the “coupled” supports and customs duties. Does none of these groups dispute the legitimacy of L? OMC vis-a-vis the risks, considered to be definitely higher, D? bilateral agreements of free trade, as one does see it in those, particularly iniquitous, than L? European union intends to impose on the ACP countries (Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific) in 2008 (6). Do all refuse D? to open their markets of the nonagricultural products and the services before D? to be ensured of L? stop of the agricultural dumping of North and D? a broad opening of its agroalimentary markets. Commercial Minister of L? India, Mr. Kamal Nath declared on November 8: “L? is stake of this cycle of knowing S? it will profit with those which gain 1 dollar per day or 5.000 dollars per month (7). ”

Beyond these convergences, 3 G (G20, G33, G90) are divided on the degree of protection of their domestic market. Is G20 quartered between its nine most competitive members? of which those of Mercosur (8) and Thailand? , which wishes L? opening of the markets, including those of the hostile South, and ten members also belonging to G33 (of which China, L? India and L? Indonesia), which wants to maintain a strong protection, including with respect to other DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Because, in 2004, 51% of agroalimentary exports of Brazil were intended for D? other DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, against 23% in 1990. Do the members of G90, as for them, rightly fear the strong erosion of the tariff preferences from which they still profit, if L? European union and the United States too strongly reduces their nonpreferential customs duties.

Current rules of L? AsA are unjust: only can the rich countries support their farmers by authorized internal subsidies, but having effects of dumping and substitution for the imports, whereas, in same time, they oblige the poor countries to reduce L? single instrument with their range: protection with L? importation. C? is why food sovereignty? an effective protection with L? importation? , associated L? prohibition of any export in lower part of the average total cost of production without direct and indirect subsidy, is, paradoxically, the least protectionist form of the support of agricultures for all the countries.

Refonder the CAP and L? Is AsA on food sovereignty in L? obvious interest of L? European union since its exports to third countries, expressed as a percentage of its total production 2000-2003, N? were that 10,7% for cereals, 6,9% for the meats and 9,5% for the dairy products. L? is agriculture used to him as currency D? exchanges in its negotiations with L? OMC and with Mercosur for D? to open additional markets with its exports of services and industrial products. But, with this play, it is likely to lose infinitely more than its 11 million D? agricultural credits, taking into account the “multipurpose” character of L? agriculture: food production, safeguarding of L? environment, grid of the territories, etc The United States is in a comparable situation, since their agroalimentary surplus does not cease dropping: it passed from 26,8 billion dollars in 1996 to 14,3 billion in 2001 and to 7,3 billion in 2004, the forecasts being of 4 billion for 2005, and a deficit growing with means and long terms.

To incite L? Europe and the United States with S? to engage in a food policy of sovereignty, the strategy is simple: to put an end to their massive cheatings in order to oblige them, under the pressure of their farmers separated of subsidies, with refonder the CAP and Farm Bill on remunerative prices for the producers, therefore on an effective protection with L? importation.

As such a step is incompatible with the objectives of L? OMC, two solutions would be possible: that is to say to return to the special statute of L? agriculture in L? General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) D? before 1995 (where were all the forms of protection authorized in fact), but by prohibiting on the other hand all the types of subsidies to L? export; maybe, preferably, to entrust the regulation of agricultural trade at an institution which could be L? United Nations for L? food and L? agriculture (FAO) or the United Nations Conference on Trade and Developme (UNCTAD), even at an ad hoc institution. It would also have as a function D? to ensure the international coordination of the control of L? offers, so D? to avoid the structural overproductions, and D? to impose minimal prices, in particular for the tropical products.

http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2005/12/BERTHELOT/13036

December 4, 2008 | 3:51 PM Comments  0 comments

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